C Programming

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Published On:

Sep 6, 2011

Last Updated:

Sep 6, 2011

This is the main parent page for C programming. The information in the following child pages is mostly geared towards C programming in an embedded environment, although there are some parts dedicated to programming on Linux and other environments.

Child Pages

Arithmetic Operators

Arrays

Assertions (assert())

How to use runtime and compile-time assert() on embedded microcontrollers.

Assertions (assert())

How to use runtime and compile-time assert() on embedded microcontrollers.

Bit Fields And Bit Manipulation/Masking

.bss Section

C Naming Conventions

C Related File Extensions

Comma Operator

Commenting And Documentation

Common C Compile/Build Errors

Control Statements

Data Types

Dynamic Memory Allocation

A beginners tutorial on memory allocation in C (malloc(), free(), e.t.c.) for embedded systems.

Dynamic Memory Allocation

A beginners tutorial on memory allocation in C (malloc(), free(), e.t.c.) for embedded systems.

Embedded Systems And The Volatile Keyword

What is volatile and how to use in when writing firmware for embedded systems.

Embedded Systems And The Volatile Keyword

What is volatile and how to use in when writing firmware for embedded systems.

Enumerations

File Input And Output

Header Guards

Inserting Assembly Code Into C

Linkage

Linux Bash Commands For C

Local Jumps (goto)

Logical Operators

Non-local Jumps (setjmp(), longjmp())

Object-Orientated C

Pointers

The C Preprocessor

Processing Command-Line Input

Reading User Input

Reducing Code Execution Time

Standards And Versions

String Manipulation in C

Structures

Switch Statements

System Calls

The Confusing Differences Between struct and typedef struct

Unions

Variadic Functions

Endless Loops

Endless loops are usually used in embedded programming for the main function. They are used to keep the code running continuously, since exiting the main function from most embedded systems is undefined (and why would you want to?). In a non-scheduler based environment (i.e., no operating system), it is commonly called the “main loop”. The only code not placed inside (or called from) the main loop is the initialisation code and interrupt handlers. Two common ways of making an endless loop are:

// Endless loop method one (1 could be replaced by a similar constant, such as true)
while(1) {
    // Put code here
}

// Endless loop method two
for(;;) {
    // Put code here
}

// A code trap is an endless loop with no executable code inside it.
// It causes the processor to halt indefinitely at the statement
// and is good for debugging. It is commonly written like this
while(1);
// or this
for(;;);

In an embedded operating system based environment, there may be more than one endless loop. Typically, there is one per concurrent task or process (such as with FreeRTOS). An interrupt driven scheduler controls which loop the processor is currently executing by changing the CPU’s instruction pointer.

Coding Standards

The Joint Strike Fighter C++ Coding Standards (semi-applicable to C also). Created by Lockheed Martin. A bit of a hefty read (I would never read this cover-to-cover unless I had too), but there is some good stuff in there. It can be viewed here.

There are programs out there which format and tidy up your code. One such example is AStyle (or Artistic Style), a open-source program which is a:

…source code indenter, formatter, and beautifier for the C, C++, C# and Java programming languages

Click here to visit their website.

External Links

The C library reference (http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/clibrary/) provides good explanations on standard functions that are included with the C programming language, organised by file and then by function. Also check out the GNU C Pre-processor reference.