• New Serialization Formats section under Programming.

• New tutorial on Bresenham’s Line Algorithm.

  

• Big updates to the Algorithm Time Complexity page.

• Added new page on Python sets.

• All github.com/mbedded-ninja repos were moved to github.com/gbmhunter and the mbedded-ninja organization on GitHub was deleted as it was not really serving any useful purpose.

Statistics for 2018

This is the first year I have used Google Analytics to gather these statistics. Even though I have been using Google Analytics for many years, in previous years I just relied on the statistics presented in the Wordpress admin dashboard. This is no longer possible as I am now using Hugo to power this site. This also means that the reported numbers are different, in fact, Wordpress seemed to always report higher numbers than Google Analytics. The stats for 2017 on this page are also from Google Analytics so that a fair comparison can be made. See the Happy New Year 2018 post for the Wordpress sourced 2017 stats.

Summary

A User is a unique person who visited this website at least once.

Most Popular Pages

Ranked by number of page views:

Acquisition

5 most popular acquisition methods by number of users:

Most Popular Referrers

5 most popular referrers by number of users:

Plans For This Year

• Utilize Hugo to it’s fullest capabilities. Although the migration from Wordpress to Hugo is complete, I feel like I have not yet explored all of the possibilities that Hugo allows. This includes sitemaps, RSS feeds, automatic thumbnail creation, better shortcodes, e.t.c.
• Find a way to reliably detect dead links as they occur, along with an easy way of fixing them.
• Move all of the mbedded.ninja GitHub repos into my own personal account, as there is no real need for a mbedded.ninja “organization” on GitHub, at it just leads to extra work and confusion on where repos are.
• Remove all the excess images in the blog repository. As a result of the Wordpress migration, there are many copies of a single image, each at a slightly different pixel size (I’m assuming they were created as part of a page load speed optimization in Wordpress). These are un-needed as Hugo can resize images at build time to correctly fit the container on the page. These extra images are just using up repo space.
• And of course, as always, add more content!

• Site was migrated from Wordpress to Hugo! See /posts/2018/12-15-site-migration-to-hugo-complete for more info.

• A new Python Dictionaries page created.

• New Hugo page created.

• New OpenMP Tutorial.

• Many improvements to the Linux Serial Ports Using C/C++ page.

• Added numbering to page headings (h2, h3, h4, …).

• Site is now mobile friendly! I learnt a bit on responsive web design over the Christmas break and updated the HTML/CSS of this site so it looks good on mobile devices.

  

  

The migration of blog.mbedded.ninja from Wordpress to Hugo is complete!

My site has been powered for the last 7 years by Wordpress (see Site Info for an entire history of this blog). Wordpress is a great CMS (content management system) which runs on a server (I have been paying for hosting through GoDaddy). However, it was time to move to a static website generator, and I choose Hugo. Read on for more details…

The Benefits

• I can now write content using Markdown in a local code editor, rather than Wordpress’s browser-based WSIWYG editor (I was using TinyMCE).
• Easier/more reliable update/version tracking of the website. The entire site content is contained within a single Git repository (see https://github.com/gbmhunter/blog if you are interested) (which is accessible locally), rather than spread across hosted php/html files and a Wordpress database. No more need to exporting the entire database/public_html directory once per month and saving to the cloud for backup purposes.
• The content being local also gives me the ability to do site-wide text-based find/replace operations, or write scripts for more advanced manipulation/update features.
• Faster load times. Because the content is generated statically, page load times should be much faster than when running Wordpress (even with the use of good Wordpress caching plugins).
• Higher security. It unsurprisingly hard to hack a simple file server that does not run any custom server side code or plugins.
• Lower maintenance. I will no longer fear visiting my site one day to find it completely “borked”, with some arcane Wordpress PHP error that takes days to resolve (this has happened many times in the past). This is also a big risk when updating plugins.

Hugo vs. Gatsby

I had a hard decision choosing Hugo over another static site generator such as Gatsby (which is node/React based). Hugo seemed to have a gentler learning curve, but is not as flexible. Hugo provides a HTML templating engine, and while you have access to code elements in the templates, you don’t have the full power of javascript and the npm ecosystem behind you. I liked the idea of being able to use React components in Gatsby, but was turned away by the GraphQL syntax in Gatsby used to retrieve data.

Being that Hugo is a single compiled executable, there is no dependency issues you have to worry about. Compare that to when you install the Gatsby gatsby-starter-blog, which has around 1500 dependencies (which is rather typical of npm)! Sometimes npm native modules will fail to compile, and in general, the setup is just easier with Hugo. This however as a downside for Hugo, you can’t just write a plugin to expand the functionality, with Hugo the code is written in Go and compiled into a binary.

SEO

Hopefully one of the big improvements to the site’s SEO will be from the speed increases (see the Speed section below). Below is a graph of the numbers of users per day for the last two months on the Wordpress blog:

Speed

After moving to Hugo, I saw a huge increase in page load time performance. Load time went from 17.4s (“Time to Interactive”) down to 4.9s. This was as measured by Google’s PageSpeed Insights.

Wordpress Page Speed

Hugo Page Speed

The Wordpress Export

Given my blog has over 1000 pages and posts (combined), I did not want to migrate from Wordpress to hugo solely by hand. To help, I employed the use of the an exporter. I first tried Schumacher/wordpress-to-hugo-exporter, but I did not have any luck with it (I did not get any output or sign that it completed, it might of ran into memory/performance issues due to the size of the blog). I instead had success with exitwp-for-hugo. This exporter ran locally on an exported .xml file of Wordpress, and so was less likely to run into memory/performance issues.

As to be expected, the exporter got me 90% of the way (in terms of content migration), but the remaining 10% still took many weekend worth of work to complete. The exporter did not handle images, and so I ended up writing a script to deal with the issue. For the first few years that I was running Wordpress, I used the NextGEN gallery plugin to manage images. However, I switched to using the built in media manager after I discovered how much easier it was to drop an image into the current post or page. This meant that hundred of images appeared as [singlepic] tags in the markdown files that exitwp-for-hugo created.

I wrote a script to scan the markdown files, looking for [singlepic] tags. When the script finds one, it then makes a request to the Wordpress blog and downloads the HTML for the Wordpress page that the markdown was generated from. It then scans this HTML for the image element in the DOM associated with the [singlepic]. It then extracts the Wordpress URL for the image, and downloads the image into the static/images/ directory in Hugo. Finally, it replaces the [singlepic] tag with the appropriate markdown that points tot he local image path.

I also added caching of both the HTML and downloaded image so that I didn’t have to download the HTML twice for two separate images that were on the same page, and so that I didn’t download the image multiple times when that image was used more than once on the blog. Even with the caching, this script took many hours to run.

Nested Menu Structure

I wanted to recreate the nested menu structure I had on while running on Wordpress. All of this blog’s pages are organized in a giant hierarchal structure. The top-level pages are displayed as first-level menu items. Then all child pages are displayed under that as sub-menu items. Then all the child’s child pages are displayed under that as sub-sub menu items, e.t.c.

I managed to recreate this by creating menu layout partials in Hugo that uses recursion. This works because I have structured the markdown into hierarchal sections (another Hugo concept).

menu.html:

<ul class="menu">
    {{ with .Site.GetPage "/" }}
        {{ range .Sections.ByTitle }}
            {{ if ne .Title "Posts" }}
                <li class="dropdown">
                    <a href="{{.Permalink}}"><div class="menu-text">{{ .Title }}</div><div class="right-arrow">▶</div></a>
                    {{ partial "menu_recursive.html" . }}
                </li>
            {{ end }}
        {{ end }}
    {{ end }}
    {{ with .Site.GetPage "/posts" }}
        <li class="dropdown">
            <a href="{{.Permalink}}"><div class="menu-text">{{ .Title }}</div></a>
        </li>
    {{ end }}
</ul>

Above, there is some conditional logic to not include the posts/ content mixed in with all the page content. Instead, posts/ is added at the bottom of the menu manually.

menu_recursive.html:

{{ if or (.Sections) (.Pages) }}
    <ul class="submenu">
        {{ range .Sections.ByTitle }}
            <li class="dropdown">
                <a href="{{.Permalink}}"><div class="menu-text">{{ .Title }}</div><div class="right-arrow">▶</div></a>
                {{ partial "menu_recursive.html" . }}
            </li>
        {{ end }}
        {{ range .Pages.ByTitle }}
            <li>
                <a href="{{.Permalink}}"><div class="menu-text">{{ .Title }}</div></a>
                {{ partial "menu_recursive.html" . }}
            </li>
        {{ end }}
    </ul>
{{ end }}

General Layout/Theming

I wanted to keep appearance of the Hugo generated site to be very similar to the current Wordpress look (I am using a custom theme in Wordpress that is built upon the Wordpress TwentyFifteen theme). I initially chose the Hugo anake theme when I was beginning the migration, and after learning more about how the theme works, decided to write my own (they aren’t that tricky).

At the point that I migrated to Hugo, my Wordpress blog homepage looked like:

And now the Hugo-generated blog homepage looks like:

Quite similar right?

Consistent Page URLs

I tried hard to keep all page URLs identical during this migration, as any change would have a significant impact on SEO and reduce the number of visitors/day (I found this out the hard way when I migrated from my previous domain to blog.mbedded.ninja).

I’m pleased to say that all page URLs should be the same. Post URLs have changed, however I don’t think this is nearly as important because the posts on this blog are more about updates than actual content that users will want to visit (posts do not feature in the most visited pages).

Weird vglnk Behaviour

I noticed that URLs that were embedded within image captions were getting corrupted. This was occuring about 1s after the initial page load. On inspection of the HTML elements, I noticed that the URL had been broken up into many small <span> elements, and that each one of these elements had been assigned the class vglnk. After a bit of Googling, I realized that the Disqus plugin (for commenting) was causing this. To fix this, I had to disable Tracking and Affiliate links in the Advanced section of the Disqus config, as shown below:

DNS Updates

The following DNS changes were made on my GoDaddy account:

Previous DNS Settings

• Type: A
• Name: blog
• Value: 160.153.162.18
• TTL: 600s

Updated DNS

• Type: CNAME
• Name: blog
• Value: blog-mbedded-ninja.netlify.com
• TTL: 1 hour

Mobile Compatibility

Currently, this site is not mobile compatible (what is called responsive). This is what the homepage currently looks like when rendered on a cellphone.

Hopefully I can fix this soon!

• New Python Type Annotations page.

• New Statistics section under Mathematics.

• Updates to the The Basic Essentials You Should Do After Installing Ubuntu page.